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Options removal of micropollutants with water treatment processes
Zdražilová, Alena ; Bogáňová, Ida (referee) ; Biela, Renata (advisor)
This diploma thesis is engaged in problems of micropollutants removal by water treatment process. The first part aims to define single micropollutants, possibilities of their removal in laboratory and micropollutants removal on water treatment plant. In the second part, there is data evaluation of water analyses on factual water treatment plant. Also there is description and evaluation of experiment, which aims to pesticide removal from river by using filtration across granulated active carbon.
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Distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants
Šilhánková, Lenka ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This bachelor’s thesis deals with a trending topic – wastewater distribution of pharmaceuticals proven to be toxic to non-target organisms – specifically, the occurrence of beta-blockers, plentifully used in treating hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, is discussed. Members of this group, Atenolol, Acebutolol and Bisoprolol were chosen for closer study. The elimination of these chemicals was observed in three wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) with different treatment technologies and various number of population equivalents. For said analytes, UHPLC with UV/VIS detection using diode array detector (DAD) method was optimalised. A part of this thesis also deals with optimalization of isolation and concentrating the analytes. Unfortunately, the described method was not suitable for real sample analysis, because in most samples, the limit of quantification or even the limit of detection was not exceeded. It would be best for an analytical method with higher sensitivity, e. g. mass detector, to be used. The data gained in this experiment do not hold any informational value about the effectiveness of WWTP, as the exact amount of Acebutolol in effluent was measured only in one case. Based on the to-date executed analysis, it is impossible to conclude whether the quality of the treated water, concerning the content of aforementioned pharmaceuticals, is in any way ideal.
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Analysis of drug residues in waters from small wastewater treatment plants
Pešková, Karolína ; Repková, Martina (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
This diploma thesis is focused on the analysis of pharmaceuticals residues in wastewater from wastewater treatment plants used for smaller sources of pollution (up to 2000 population equivalent). Pharmaceuticals entering the environment are a highly discussed topic, especially due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, negative effects on non-target organisms, vegetation etc. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with smaller wastewater treatment plants or root sewage treatment plants, which achieve excellent results in the field of organic pollution removal. It deals with their detailed description, functioning or division. Attention is paid to pharmaceuticals in general, mechanisms of their removal and methods of their determination in wastewater. In total of 24 drugs from the group of beta-blockers, macrolide antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiepileptics, antidepressants and sulfonamides were selected for analysis. In the experimental part of this diploma thesis, wastewater samples were taken from domestic wastewater treatment plants (type AT 6, AT 12 Plus, AT 30 and AT 150) and from the root sewage treatment plant of Dražovice. The samples were first processed using optimized extraction method (solid phase extraction) and then analyzed using optimized UPLC-ESI-MS method. The presence of pharmaceuticals residues was confirmed in all analysed wastewater. The highest concentrations were detected for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals – ibuprofen and diclofenac.
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Study of xenobiotics and biologically active compounds degradation on titanium dioxide
Píšťková, Veronika ; Lisá,, Hana (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Heterogenous photocatalysis using titanium dioxide seems to be a promising method for disposal xenobiotics from the environment. The aim of this diploma thesis is the study of degradation of selected xenobiotics and biologically active substrances applying this method. Theoretical part of diploma thesis deals with the principals of heterogenous photocatalysis by means of a semiconductor TiO2 and the examples of its possible application are mentioned too. The compounds which could be appropriate for a study of degradation were selected from the group of pharmaceuticals and pesticides. The properties of target substances and their environmental impact were described. Furthermore, a bibliographic search focused on the possibilities of their analytical determination was conducted. The experimental part of the thesis describes the experiments with photocatalyst in a form of powder as well as with immobilized photocatalyst in thin layer on a carrier. Identification and quantification of analytes was realized by high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometic detection.
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The use of GC/MS for the analysis of drugs
Sýkora, Richard ; Opatřilová, Radka (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This diploma thesis is based on the current issue of the presence of pharmaceuticals in various components of the environment. Concerning the contamination by residues of pharmaceuticals the most affected environment is the aquatic environment where these substances leaks especially from wastewater treatment plants, which eliminate them during the cleaning process only partially. This work is focused on the selected group of pharmaceuticals, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (salicylic acid, ibuprofen, caffeine, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac) in waste water. For analysis purposes two types of sampling were used and compared: the conventional spot sampling of wastewater and the sampling using passive samplers POCIS. The sampling took place at the inflow and outflow of the wastewater treatment plant in Brno Modřice. The solid phase extraction (SPE) using Oasis HLB columns was used as the extraction method. Extracted sample was derivatized then. Derivatization agents were: MSTFA (N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamid) and BSTFA (N, O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamid). The final analysis was performed using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection Time-of-Flight (GC/TOF-MS).
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Ecotoxicity of cholesterol-lowering-drugs
Königsmarková, Kristýna ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
This bachelor thesis is focused on the ecotoxicological testing of blood cholesterol lowering drugs. At first it considers the issue from a theoretical point of view – describes the effect of residual drugs on the environment, the distribution of hypolipidemics, the risks of elevated cholesterol, then deals with ecotoxicology and introduces the principles of ecotoxicological testing. In the experimental part, these following drugs were tested: Corsim, Atoris, Lipanthyl Supra, Lipanthyl 267M. In addition, clofibric acid – the metabolite of fibrates was tested. Residues of these drugs are found mainly in the aquatic ecosystem, that is why tests of aquatic organisms have been used to evaluate ecotoxicity. Test organisms were Thamnocephalus platyurus, Lemna minor and Vibrio fischeri. LC50, EC50 and IC50 values were determined on the basis of test results. Using these values, the ecotoxicity of the above mentioned hypolipidemics was evaluated.
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Removal of micropollutants during drinking water treatment
Císařová, Monika ; Lukášová, Daniela (referee) ; Biela, Renata (advisor)
The diploma thesis deals with the issue of micropollutants removal during drinking water treatment. The theoretical part characterizes individual types of micropollutants, their occurrence and possibilities of their removal. It also presents the removal of micropollutants already implemented in practice. The practical part deals with the removal of a selected micropollutant, namely perfluorinated substances. This is a laboratory experiment on the removal of perfluorinated substances from a given flow by filtration through granular activated carbon Filtrasorb F400. Finally, the results and evaluation of the experiment are presented.
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Evaluation of ecotoxicity of selected pharmaceuticals
Weiss, Jan ; Dvořáková, Dagmar (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
In recent years consumption of drugs and thus the quantity of their residues in natural ecosystems is increasing. It is necessary to deal with their possible negative effects on the environment. This thesis is focused on the ecotoxicological evaluation of pharmaceuticals. Diclofenac and ibuprofen from the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory substances, penicillin G and ampicillin from the group of antibiotics were tested. Mainly tests on aquatic organisms were used to evaluate of ecotoxicity, because the tested pharmaceuticals are predominantly occurred in the aquatic environment. Daphnia magna, Thamnocephalus platyurus, Artemia salina, Sinapis alba, Lemna minor, and Brachionus calyciflorus were used as testing organisms. Values of LC50, EC50 and IC50 were determinated and the ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals was compared.
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Drug transport using microbubbles
Piňos, Ondřej ; Tancjurová, Jana (referee) ; Rudolf, Pavel (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the research in field of medical usage of microbubbles, specially focused on ultrasound iniciated cavitation of microbubbles filled with drugs. Thesis includes technology of manufacturing, chemical composition, efects of cavitated microbubbles on tissue and description of mechanism that occurs during the aplication of ultrasound triggered microbubbles. Second part deals with mathematical description of microbubble under acustic pressure using the Rayleigh-Plesset equation and equation for microbubble with membrane are presented. The MATLAB script for calculation of physical parameters describing state of microbubble is also explained.
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Monitoring drug removal efficiency from water by selected adsorbents
Moravčíková, Světlana ; Talašová, Lucie (referee) ; Biela, Renata (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with the efficiency of removal of pharmaceuticals from drinking water by selected adsorption materials. The first part describes sources of pharmaceuticals in drinking water and possible ways of contaminating water by pharmaceuticals. Subsequently, the pharmaceuticals most commonly found in the environment - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, psychiatric drugs and sex hormones - are described in more detail. Next, the thesis describes the processes used for removal of pharmaceuticals. These are activated carbon adsorption, membrane processes and advanced oxidation processes. The last chapter of the theoretical part of the thesis deals with water treatment plants, where the technologies for removing drugs are already in operation. In the practical part of this thesis an experiment was performed and evaluated, for a purpose of comparing the efficiency of selected sorption materials in the removal of diclofenac from water. Filtrasorb F100, Bayoxide E33 and GEH were used.
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